CIPS学習教材には、CertShikenPDFバージョン、ソフトバージョン、APPバージョンのさまざまなバージョンがあります。 コンピューターで勉強するのが好きでも、紙の資料を読むのが好きでも、L4M3学習資料はCIPSあなたのニーズを満たすことができます。 ほとんどの時間、紙の学習資料を読むことに慣れている場合は、心配を解消できます。 L4M3試験クイズでは、この分野の顧客のニーズを完全に考慮します。 L4M3学習教材のバージョンは、お客様がCIPS Commercial Contracting学習できるようになっているため、自由時間が十分に活用され、知識を統合できることがよくあります。
CIPSのL4M3認定試験に受かるのはあなたの技能を検証することだけでなく、あなたの専門知識を証明できて、上司は無駄にあなたを雇うことはしないことの証明書です。当面、IT業界でCIPSのL4M3認定試験の信頼できるソースが必要です。CertShikenはとても良い選択で、L4M3の試験を最も短い時間に縮められますから、あなたの費用とエネルギーを節約することができます。それに、あなたに美しい未来を作ることに助けを差し上げられます。
IT技術人員にとって、両親にあなたの仕事などの問題を危ぶんでいきませんか？高い月給がある仕事に従事したいですか？美しい未来を有したいですか？だから、我々CertShikenのL4M3問題集をご覧になってください。ここでは、あなたは一番質高い資料と行き届いたサービスを楽しみしています。あなたはCertShikenのCIPS L4M3問題集を手に入れる前に、問題集の試用版を無料に使用できます。
認定試験は、数年間調達の役割で働いており、商業契約の専門的な役割に進みたいと考えている専門家を対象としています。この試験は契約管理とその関連する財務および法的側面に焦点を当てているため、この認定を受ける前に、調達プロセスと手順について十分な理解を持っていることが期待されます。したがって、CIPS L4M2（調達およびサプライチェーン管理）のような事前の認定が推奨されています。
質問 # 160
A retailer prefers to display its best selling products and promotion programme on the building windows.
According to rule of contract formation, this act will generally constitute...?
正解：D
解説：
Fisher v Bell [1960] and Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists [1953] identified that the courts will generally consider goods advertised in shop windows or those with a price tag attached to constitute an invitation to treat. An invitation to treat is a concept in contract law. It refers to an invitation for a party to make an offer enter into contractual negotiations.
Invitations to treat can be anything displayed to a large number of people, as long as there is no defined way to choose who can accept. Items on display in a shop, advertisements, and catalogues are all common examples of invitations to treat.
However, there are cases in the US shows that under some circumstances an advertisement can become an offer (see Leftkowitz v Great Minneapolis Surplus Stores [1957]).
Reference:
- What is an Invitation to Treat in Contract Law?
- CIPS study guide page 29
LO 1, AC 1.2
質問 # 161
A retailer prefers to display its best selling products and promotion programme on the building windows. According to rule of contract formation, this act will generally constitute...?
正解：D
解説：
Fisher v Bell [1960] and Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists [1953] identified that the courts will generally consider goods advertised in shop windows or those with a price tag attached to constitute an invitation to treat. An invitation to treat is a concept in contract law. It refers to an invitation for a party to make an offer enter into contractual negotiations.
Invitations to treat can be anything displayed to a large number of people, as long as there is no defined way to choose who can accept. Items on display in a shop, advertisements, and catalogues are all common examples of invitations to treat.
However, there are cases in the US shows that under some circumstances an advertisement can become an offer (see Leftkowitz v Great Minneapolis Surplus Stores [1957]).
Reference:
- What is an Invitation to Treat in Contract Law?
- CIPS study guide page 29
LO 1, AC 1.2
質問 # 162
To expand its operation, Steel Co. decides to build a new plant. Despite of excitement, the senior management is very concerned about the complexity and risks of such project. Hugo, the procurement manager, suggests that the company can adopt a model form of contract. What is the advantage of using model form of contract?
正解：C
解説：
Advantages and Disadvantages of using model form contracts.
Model form contracts save a lot of time and money. They are written by industry experts and the buyers and suppliers both understand what is included in the contract.
They are mainly used in Construction and term maintenance contacts. Typical ones are JCT and NEC.
Without the use of model form contracts the buyer and supplier will take a long time to write the terms, negotiate and finalise the contract.
This is time and money wasted.
However, model form contracts require buyers and suppliers to have training so you understand them.
Finally, if you are a buyer in a powerful position you cannot exploit that with a model form contract as these are written for mutual benefit.
Reference:
- Procurement Study Buddy on Facebook
- CIPS study guide page 147
質問 # 163
Which of the following are driving forces for increasing use of social and environmental criteria in specifications? Select TWO that apply.,
正解：C、D
解説：
Reasons for including social and environmental criteria may include the following:
- Expected Cost Savings and Financial Motives
- Management Support and Commitment
- Employees
- Altruistic Values
- Power Imbalances along the supply chain
- Image and Reputation
- Government Regulations
- Customers
- Competitors
Management, employees, government, customers and competitors are among the stakeholders that make pressures to the organisation on social and environmental criteria.
Reference:
- Drivers and Barriers to the Adoption of Sustainable Procurement in SMEs
- CIPS study guide page 95-96
LO 2, AC 2.1
質問 # 164
A manufacturing company signed a contract with a raw material supplier. The contract includes a clause on liquidated damages in case of late delivery. Purchaser was obliged to pay after 30 days from delivery.
Eventually raw material was delivered 1 week later than initial plan due to supplier's slow production process.
There is no defect in the delivered batch. Which of the following can be claimed by the manufacturing company?
正解：C
解説：
In certain circumstances, where two parties have monetary debts against each other, the right to set-off may arise. A right of set-off allows a ("Party 1") to take into account the amount owed to it by the second party ("Party 2") against any amount owed by Party 1 to Party 2, each party must be a debtor and a creditor.
Common law provides the key features that must be present for set-off to arise are;
1. mutuality of debts (each party must be the sole beneficial owner of the debt it is owed and the sole person liable for the debt it owes)
2. the claims each party has must be for non-payment of money
The common law provisions of set-off can be greatly enhanced by the inclusion of a contractual right to set- off (this is discussed further below) so that set-off is applicable in a greater range of situations. If you envisage set-off being a useful right it is not advisable to rely on the implied ability to use it (via common law or equitable set-off). Common law and equitable set-off are subject to various conditions and limitation however, a contractual right of set-off can be drafted to ensure parties are able to agree exactly how and when set-off should be applied.
In the above scenario, the supplier owes the manufacturer the payment for damages, while the manufacturer owes the supplier the payment for goods. This is mutuality of debts, which leads to right of set off.
Reference:
- Set-off on the right foot: a practical guide to set-off
- CIPS study guide page 158-159
LO 3, AC 3.2
質問 # 165
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