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NEW QUESTION # 71
An image classification system is being trained for classifying faces of humans. The distribution of the data is 70% ethnicity A and 30% for ethnicities B, C and D. Based ONLY on the above information, which of the following options BEST describes the situation of this image classification system?
SELECT ONE OPTION
Answer: A
Explanation:
A . This is an example of expert system bias.
Expert system bias refers to bias introduced by the rules or logic defined by experts in the system, not by the data distribution.
B . This is an example of sample bias.
Sample bias occurs when the training data is not representative of the overall population that the model will encounter in practice. In this case, the over-representation of ethnicity A (70%) compared to B, C, and D (30%) creates a sample bias, as the model may become biased towards better performance on ethnicity A.
C . This is an example of hyperparameter bias.
Hyperparameter bias relates to the settings and configurations used during the training process, not the data distribution itself.
D . This is an example of algorithmic bias.
Algorithmic bias refers to biases introduced by the algorithmic processes and decision-making rules, not directly by the distribution of training data.
Based on the provided information, option B (sample bias) best describes the situation because the training data is skewed towards ethnicity A, potentially leading to biased model performance.
NEW QUESTION # 72
Which ONE of the following options is the MOST APPROPRIATE stage of the ML workflow to set model and algorithm hyperparameters?
SELECT ONE OPTION
Answer: D
Explanation:
Setting model and algorithm hyperparameters is an essential step in the machine learning workflow, primarily occurring during the tuning phase.
* Evaluating the model (A): This stage involves assessing the model's performance using metrics and does not typically include the setting of hyperparameters.
* Deploying the model (B): Deployment is the stage where the model is put into production and used in real-world applications. Hyperparameters should already be set before this stage.
* Tuning the model (C): This is the correct stage where hyperparameters are set. Tuning involves adjusting the hyperparameters to optimize the model's performance.
* Data testing (D): Data testing involves ensuring the quality and integrity of the data used for training and testing the model. It does not include setting hyperparameters.
Hence, the most appropriate stage of the ML workflow to set model and algorithm hyperparameters isC.
Tuning the model.
:
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus Section 3.2 on the ML Workflow outlines the different stages of the ML process, including the tuning phase where hyperparameters are set.
Sample Exam Questions document, Question #31 specifically addresses the stage in the ML workflow where hyperparameters are configured.
NEW QUESTION # 73
A motorcycle engine repair shop owner wants to detect a leaking exhaust valve and fix it before it falls and causes catastrophic damage to the engine. The shop developed and trained a predictive model with historical data files from known health engines and ones which experienced a catastrophic fails due to exhaust valve failure. The shop evaluated 200 engines using this model and then disassembled the engines to assess the true state of the valves, recording the results in the confusion matrix below.
What is the precision of this predictive model
Answer: A
Explanation:
Precision is a performance metric used to evaluate the accuracy of positive predictions in a classification model. It is defined by the formula:
Precision=TPTP+FPร100% ext{Precision} = rac{TP}{TP + FP} imes 100%Precision=TP+FPTPร100% Where:
* TP (True Positives)= Number of correctly predicted positive cases
* FP (False Positives)= Number of incorrectly predicted positive cases
The confusion matrix provided in the question would typically list these values. Based on ISTQB's guidelines for calculating precision, selecting the correct number of true positives and false positives from the given data should yield94.2%as the precision.
* Section 5.1 - Confusion Matrix and ML Functional Performance Metricsexplains the calculation of precisionusing the confusion matrix.
Reference from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:
NEW QUESTION # 74
"Splendid Healthcare" has started developing a cancer detection system based on ML. The type of cancer they plan on detecting has 2% prevalence rate in the population of a particular geography. It is required that the model performs well for both normal and cancer patients.
Which ONE of the following combinations requires MAXIMIZATION?
SELECT ONE OPTION
Answer: D
Explanation:
Prevalence Rate and Model Performance:
The cancer detection system being developed by "Splendid Healthcare" needs to account for the fact that the type of cancer has a 2% prevalence rate in the population. This indicates that the dataset is highly imbalanced with far fewer positive (cancer) cases compared to negative (normal) cases.
Importance of Recall:
Recall, also known as sensitivity or true positive rate, measures the proportion of actual positive cases that are correctly identified by the model. In medical diagnosis, especially cancer detection, recall is critical because missing a positive case (false negative) could have severe consequences for the patient. Therefore, maximizing recall ensures that most, if not all, cancer cases are detected.
Importance of Precision:
Precision measures the proportion of predicted positive cases that are actually positive. High precision reduces the number of false positives, meaning fewer people will be incorrectly diagnosed with cancer. This is also important to avoid unnecessary anxiety and further invasive testing for those who do not have the disease.
Balancing Recall and Precision:
In scenarios where both false negatives and false positives have significant consequences, it is crucial to balance recall and precision. This balance ensures that the model is not only good at detecting positive cases but also accurate in its predictions, reducing both types of errors.
Accuracy and Specificity:
While accuracy (the proportion of total correct predictions) is important, it can be misleading in imbalanced datasets. In this case, high accuracy could simply result from the model predicting the majority class (normal) correctly. Specificity (true negative rate) is also important, but for a cancer detection system, recall and precision take precedence to ensure positive cases are correctly and accurately identified.
Conclusion:
Therefore, for a cancer detection system with a low prevalence rate, maximizing both recall and precision is crucial to ensure effective and accurate detection of cancer cases.
NEW QUESTION # 75
Which ONE of the following options describes the LEAST LIKELY usage of Al for detection of GUI changes due to changes in test objects?
SELECT ONE OPTION
Answer: D
Explanation:
* A. Using a pixel comparison of the GUI before and after the change to check the differences.
Pixel comparison is a traditional method and does not involve AI . It compares images at the pixel level, which can be effective but is not an intelligent approach. It is not considered an AI usage and is the least likely usage of AI for detecting GUI changes.
* B. Using computer vision to compare the GUI before and after the test object changes.
Computer vision involves using AI techniques to interpret and process images. It is a likely usage of AI for detecting changes in the GUI .
* C. Using vision-based detection of the GUI layout changes before and after test object changes.
Vision-based detection is another AI technique where the layout and structure of the GUI are analyzed to detect changes. This is a typical application of AI .
* D. Using a ML-based classifier to flag if changes in GUI are to be flagged for humans.
An ML-based classifier can intelligently determine significant changes and decide if they need human review, which is a sophisticated AI application.
NEW QUESTION # 76
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