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質問 # 29
When a control is found to be ineffective, which of the following steps should be take next?
正解：A
解説：
When a control is found to be ineffective, the primary objective is to remediate the deficiency by implementing corrective measures. PRMIA (Professional Risk Managers' International Association) guidance, aligned with best practices in risk governance, emphasizes a structured approach to handling control deficiencies. Below is a detailed breakdown based on PRMIA risk management principles:
Step 1: Identify and Assess the Ineffective Control
A control is deemed ineffective when it fails to mitigate the identified risks to an acceptable level.
The root cause of the failure must be determined through a Control Effectiveness Review (CER).
PRMIA recommends control testing and incident analysis to assess the severity of the control failure.
Step 2: Develop an Action Plan to Address the Control Deficiency
PRMIA best practices state that risk management should prioritize corrective actions rather than delaying remediation.
The organization must define an action plan to close the gap, which includes:
Revising or strengthening the control mechanisms.
Implementing new controls, if necessary.
Assigning responsibility for remediation to control owners.
Setting deadlines for resolution.
This step aligns with PRMIA's Risk Governance Framework, which emphasizes proactive risk management.
Step 3: Implement Corrective Measures and Monitor Progress
Once an action plan is designed, the organization should execute the corrective actions.
PRMIA's Risk Monitoring Guidelines require regular follow-ups and testing to ensure the control is functioning correctly.
The effectiveness of the remediation should be validated through post-implementation review and ongoing control testing.
Step 4: Re-Assess Risks and Control Effectiveness
Once corrective measures are in place, the organization should re-evaluate risks to confirm that the issue is resolved.
The risk assessment process should be updated to reflect the changes in the control environment.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect?
Option A: "Risks should be re-assessed to determine if there is the appropriate level of control assessment." While risk re-assessment is a good practice, it does not directly address the ineffective control.
PRMIA guidelines prioritize closing the control gap first before reassessing risks.
Option C: "The controls should be re-assessed during the next cycle to determine if they are still ineffective." Waiting until the next assessment cycle delays remediation, which could expose the organization to unmitigated risks.
PRMIA risk frameworks recommend immediate corrective action when a control is found to be ineffective.
Option D: "Risks should be re-assessed to determine if there can be an exception for the level of control assessment." PRMIA does not support exceptions for ineffective controls unless there is a well-documented risk acceptance process.
A control failure should be remediated rather than seeking exceptions.
PRMIA Risk Reference Used:
PRMIA Risk Governance Framework - Defines the importance of immediate corrective actions for control failures.
PRMIA Risk Monitoring Guidelines - Stresses continuous monitoring and validation of controls.
PRMIA Risk Management Standards - Recommends a structured action plan for ineffective controls.
PRMIA Operational Risk Framework - Emphasizes the need to close control gaps to maintain a strong risk posture.
Final Conclusion:
According to PRMIA risk management best practices, when a control is found to be ineffective, the best course of action is to design and implement an action plan to remediate the issue (Option B). This approach ensures that the organization mitigates risk promptly and maintains a strong control environment.
質問 # 30
In operational resilience, what is impact tolerance?
正解：A
質問 # 31
What are some of the deficiencies associated with bottom-up Key Risk Indicators?
正解：D
解説：
Definition of Bottom-Up Key Risk Indicators (KRIs)
Bottom-up KRIs are generated from operational-level data rather than high-level strategic indicators.
They are useful for monitoring localized risks but may fail to capture broad risk drivers.
Key Deficiencies of Bottom-Up KRIs
Lack of clarity on causal relationships - These indicators may detect risk trends but fail to explain root causes.
Focus on micro-level risks - They may miss systemic or enterprise-wide risk interactions.
Why Answer B is Correct
Bottom-up KRIs may indicate changes in risk levels but lack insight into the underlying causes, leading to reactive rather than proactive risk management.
Why Other Answers Are Incorrect
Option
Explanation:
A . Mandates from a board that are too restrictive to implement.
Incorrect - Board mandates apply to top-down governance, not bottom-up KRIs.
C . Not reported frequently enough.
Incorrect - Reporting frequency is an issue but not the primary deficiency; rather, it's the lack of causal insight.
D . Lack of granularity.
Incorrect - Bottom-up KRIs tend to be highly detailed (granular), making this answer incorrect.
PRMIA Reference for Verification
PRMIA Key Risk Indicator Best Practices
Basel Committee's Risk Measurement and Reporting Framework
質問 # 32
Under the previous Basel II approach, which was not an approach for operational risk?
正解：A
解説：
Overview of Basel II Approaches for Operational Risk
Basel II introduced three main approaches to calculating capital requirements for operational risk:
Basic Indicator Approach (BIA)
The Standardized Approach (TSA)
Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA)
Why Answer D is Correct
Alternative Measurement Approach (AMA) is not a recognized Basel II approach.
The correct term under Basel II was Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA).
Why Other Answers Are Incorrect
Option
Explanation:
A . Basic Indicator Approach (BIA).
Correct - A simple approach where capital is set as a fixed percentage of gross income.
B . The Standardized Approach (TSA).
Correct - Categorizes operational risk into business lines, each with assigned risk factors.
C . Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA).
Correct - Uses internal models to calculate capital requirements based on loss data, scenario analysis, and risk controls.
PRMIA Reference for Verification
Basel II Framework for Operational Risk (2004)
PRMIA Risk Management Guidelines
質問 # 33
For the National Australia Bank - FX Options case study, large and unusual transaction activity was a concern for what reason?
正解：A
解説：
The National Australia Bank (NAB) FX Options Case Study is a well-known example of operational risk, fraud, and governance failure.
What Happened?
Traders engaged in unauthorized foreign exchange (FX) options trading, using deep-in-the-money options and other complex instruments.
They manipulated profits and losses to smooth earnings and mislead risk managers and auditors.
Why Answer C is Correct
The traders smoothed both profits and losses to avoid detection and ensure continued trading bonuses.
This aligns with PRMIA's Operational Risk Management Guidelines, which highlight that hidden trading losses and smoothing techniques increase financial crime risk.
Why Other Answers Are Incorrect
Option
Explanation:
A . Complex structured transactions aided in the smoothing of losses.
Incorrect - Smoothing occurred with both profits and losses, not just losses.
B . Deep-in-the-money options and other complex structured transactions aided in the smoothing of losses.
Incorrect - Profits were also manipulated, making this answer incomplete.
D . Deep-in-the-money options aided in the smoothing of losses.
Incorrect - This focuses only on deep-in-the-money options and ignores other structured transactions involved in the fraud.
PRMIA Reference for Verification
PRMIA Fraud and Risk Management Case Studies
Basel Principles on Market Risk and Internal Control Failures
質問 # 34
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